( B) Details of the clade contain EGFZP and EGFL proteins in bivalves in ( A). Numbers on nodes indicate the bootstrap values. Branch lengths are proportional to the expected number of substitutions per site, as indicated by the scale bar. ( A) The maximum likelihood tree was inferred from 137 ZP proteins sequences under the WAG + Г model (196 positions, 1000 bootstrap replicates). Molecular phylogeny of molluscan ZP proteins. DIO1-like, type I iodothyronine deiodinase-like. Gray box in the exon structure of PfuEGFL1 indicate the missing coding region in genome data (poly-N part). Asterisks indicate conserved cysytein residues. Black, blue, red, and pink boxes indicate signal peptide, EGF-like domain, ZP domain, and transmembrane, respectively. ( D) The boundary of exons of EGFL and EGFZP. Arrows indicate the direction of the transcript ( B), and black boxes represent exons ( C). ( B, C) Genomic organization of EGFL and EGFZP in P. The Asterisks indicate the conserved Cys residues. Yellow arrowheads indicate the potential cleavage sites by furin enzyme (amino acid sequences are "RRRR" and "RKRR"). However, they undoubtedly have one ZP domain and an additional TMD in their C-termini. fucata (PfuEGFZP) and Lottia gigantea (LUSP-17) are similar to EGFL proteins of P. ( A) Three EGFL proteins of Pinctada fucata (PfuEGFL1, 2A, and 2B) consist of a signal peptide (black box), two EGF-like domains, and one ZP-like domain. Schematic representation of EGFL and EGFZP proteins. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. The data suggest that the ZP domain can interact with other SMPs, and EGFL evolution in pterimorph bivalves represents an example of neo-functionalization that involves the acquisition of a novel protein through gene duplication.īiomineralization Neo-functionalization Organic complex Tandem duplication Zona pellucida. fucata, the ZP domain interacts with eight SMPs that have various functions in the nacreous shell mineralization. Furthermore, our analysis showed that in P. fucata and the limpet Nipponacmea fuscoviridis, EGFZP genes were expressed in the inner part of the mantle epithelial cells are related to aragonitic shell formation. fucata, EGFL genes were expressed in the outer part of mantle epithelial cells are related to the calcitic shell formation. Phylogenetic analysis and genomic arrangement studies showed that EGFL and EGFZP formed a clade in bivalves, and their encoding genes were localized in tandem repeats on the same scaffold. In contrast, only EGFZP was identified in the gastropods. Two types of the proteins (EGF-like protein (EGFL) and EGF-like and ZP domains containing protein (EGFZP)) were found in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary process EGF-like and zona pellucida (ZP) domains containing SMPs. However, the evolutionary origin of most SMPs remains unclear. Their diversity is the consequence of various molecular processes, including domain shuffling and gene duplication. Both synaptic proteins and synaptic plasticity evolved gradually, yet the last deuterostome-protostome common ancestor already possessed an elaborate suite of genes associated with synaptic function, and critical for synaptic plasticity.Several types of shell matrix proteins (SMPs) have been identified in molluskan shells. This analysis provides insights into the evolution of the synaptic proteome. Thus, whereas vertebrates have more scaffold isoforms from select families, invertebrates have additional scaffold protein families not found in vertebrates. However, several scaffold families present in mollusks and other protostomes are absent in vertebrates, including the Fifes, Lev10s, SOLs, and a NETO family. As expected, a number of synaptic scaffold proteins have more isoforms in humans than in Aplysia or Octopus. Were there evolutionary expansions of neuronal genes between this relatively simple gastropod Aplysia (20,000 neurons) and Octopus (500 million neurons), the invertebrate with the most elaborate neuronal circuitry and greatest behavioral complexity? Are the tremendous advances in cognitive power in vertebrates explained by expansion of the synaptic proteome that resulted from multiple rounds of whole genome duplication in this clade? Overall, the complement of genes linked to neuronal function is similar between Octopus and Aplysia. This improved transcriptome enabled us to explore the evolution of cognitive capacity at the molecular level. We developed an optimized assembly pipeline to generate an improved Aplysia nervous system transcriptome. The gastropod mollusk Aplysia is an important model for cellular and molecular neurobiological studies, particularly for investigations of molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.
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